Vesicle Marker related Antibody Products

Synaptic vesicles are uniform, phospholipid-enclosed organelles tasked with storing neurotransmitters for release into the synaptic cleft between neurons. Among the proteins associated with synaptic vesicles are synaptophysin, synaptotagmins, and synapsins. Amerigo Scientific provides antibodies targeting Vesicle Markers, which are essential tools for advancing neuroscience research. These antibodies support our respected researchers in examining proteins associated with synaptic vesicles and can be utilized in biomarker assays for early diagnosis.

Introduction of Vesicle

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a diverse population of small, non-replicating, membrane-bound particles secreted by nearly all cell types. Alongside soluble factors and signaling molecules, EVs have become recognized as fundamental components of the cellular secretome. Their regular release under basal conditions supports homeostasis, with signaling mediated by receptor-ligand interactions on EVs and cell surfaces, potentially triggering intracellular pathways or resulting in vesicle fusion and cargo internalization. The evolutionary conservation of EVs underscores their critical role in intercellular communication. Signaling or regulatory molecules transferred via EVs are stable, protected from degradation, and can be transported through systemic circulation to distant organs for uptake by target cells. Specific surface proteins, such as integrins, facilitate EV homing to recipient cells.

Fig.1 Architecture and cargo of an extracellular vesicle.^{1, 3}

EVs are generally categorized into exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies according to their cellular origin.

1. Exosomes are the smallest EVs, formed within multivesicular bodies.
2. MVs are medium-sized EVs produced through membrane budding and shedding.
3. Apoptotic bodies are released from cells undergoing apoptosis, which are the largest EVs.

Utilization of Vesicle Markers

• Vesicle markers in biological processes

EVs facilitate intercellular communication between both nearby and distant cells. Exosomes secreted by immune cells can function as antigen-presenting vesicles, trigger antitumoral immune responses, or produce tolerogenic effects to suppress inflammation. Tumor cells exploit EVs to inactivate T lymphocytes or natural killer cells and promote regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation, aiding immune evasion. Within the nervous system, EVs contribute to neuronal survival, myelin formation, and neurite outgrowth. Additionally, pathogenic proteins like prions and β-amyloid peptides utilize exosomes for propagation. MVs are involved in coagulation and inflammation, promoting coagulation enzyme complexes and modulating inflammatory responses based on their origin and stimuli. EVs also carry selectively incorporated nucleic acids, including mRNA and miRNA, which can be functionally transferred to recipient cells, thereby affecting processes such as immunity and vascularization.

• Vesicle markers in therapeutic applications

In the realm of precision medicine, liquid biopsy is increasingly pivotal in oncology, encompassing the extraction and examination of tumor-derived biomarkers, including EVs, from bodily fluids. In the context of tumors, EVs serve as critical carriers of cancer-related information. Their markers, including proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids, reflect the nature and origin of the parental cells. Incorporating these innovative diagnostic methodologies into clinical settings holds promise for profoundly reshaping the landscape of oncology, especially in the context of solid tumors.

Fig.2 EV repertoire and its potential clinical applications in cancer.^{2, 3}

Key Vesicle Markers

Amerigo Scientific provides a wide array of recombinant antibodies, covering numerous species, isotypes, and configurations. If the specific antibody you require is not listed, our custom antibody engineering services are ready to fulfill your needs. Explore our catalog of antibodies targeting vesicle markers, or reach out to us for inquiries or pricing. We are enthusiastic to assist you.