With rich experience and a qualified technical support team, Amerigo Scientific provides high-quality antibody products related to germline stem cells to our esteemed clients.
GSCs are a unique type of cell that serves as a source of continuous production of more stem cells via asymmetric self-renewal cell division during germline development, and then differentiate into specialized cells, ova, and spermatozoa, to produce offspring. The stem cell system, containing germline stem cells (GSCs), are utilized by a broad spectrum of species to sustain gamete production throughout the whole life. Mechanisms that regulate the recognition, proliferation, and maintenance of GSCs have been clarified during the last decades, revealing that many common features of which are shared with somatic stem cells in the mechanisms of self-renewal and differentiation.
In mammals, the GSCs mainly include 4 states:
1) Primordial germ cells (PGCs), a type of embryonic pluripotent stem cells, which initially emerge at the early stage of embryonic development, participating in the formation of gonads in the gentile ridge.
2) Female germline stem cells (FGSCs), maintaining stemness and initiate meiosis to generate oocytes in the ovary of females.
3) Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), leading to spermatozoa via meiosis from the beginning of puberty.
4) Induced PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) which are derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or embryonic stem cells (ESCs), able to be induced in vitro from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells.
With different developmental states, GSCs are pluripotent from embryonic PGCs to adult germ stem cells, SSCs, and FGSCs.
Fig.1 Timing of hPGC specification and human embryos development.1
The differentiation and development of GSCs are intensively associated with many genes, cell markers, and pathways.
| Genes and Cell Markers | Signaling Pathways | |
| PGCs/PGCLCs | SOX17, BLIMP1, NANOG, TFAP2C, POU5F1, ALPL, KLF4, KIT, LIN28, NANOS3, SSEA-4, SSEA-1, DPPA3 (alias STELLA), ZFP42 (alias REX1), EPCAM, CD38, ITGA6, ITGB3, KIT, FGFR3, ALPL, DDX4 (alias VASA), PRMT5, PRDM14, DAZL, CDX2, TCL1A, GATA, NODAL, EOMES, SP5, GATA4, SOX15, SALL4, TET1/2/3, UTF1, DND1, etc. | BMP-SMAD signaling, SOX17-BLIMP1, TFAP2C (alias AP2-GAMMA), SDF1–CXCR4 signaling, KIT-KITLG signaling, HMGCR and cholesterol, etc. |
| SSCs | GFRA1, NANOS2, RET, NANOS3, SALL4, ZBTB16, POU3F1, SOX4, SOX9, SRY, AMH, FGFR3, DHH, UTF1, PAX7, UCHL1, PLZF, ID4, MKI67, DMRT1, SOHLH1, STRA8, KIT, MAGE-A4, EGR4, KLF6, KLF7, etc. | mTORC1 and FOXO1 signaling, GDNF signaling, CXCL12–CXCR4 signaling, IGF1 and FGF9 signaling, etc. |
| FGSCs | IFITM3, MVH, DAZL, OCT4, DPPA3, PRDM1/BLIMP1, etc. | JAK signaling, β-CATENIN, E-CADHERIN, PI3K-AKT3 signaling, AKT signaling, etc. |
Fig.2 Regulation network of hPGC specification.1
As a leader in antibody research and development, Amerigo Scientific has gained rich knowledge and resources in research areas including GSCs, and the related genes, cell markers, and signaling pathways participating in the regulation. We are pleased to introduce our antibody products and related services for various applications to our esteemed clients around the world to help you in your projects on GSCs. Please do not hesitate to for more information.
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