Bacteria are incredibly small organisms that exist as single cells and are present in almost every environment on the planet. They play essential roles in various ecosystems, including the human body, where they form a complex community known as the microbiome. This diverse array of bacteria influences human health in numerous ways, and disruptions in this delicate balance can lead to health problems. Therefore, understanding their implicated communications is crucial for disease prevention and treatment.
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Fig.1 The communication between commensal bacteria and host.1
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Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) is a gram-positive bacteria that produces botulinum toxin (neurotoxin), leading to severe paralysis (botulism) in humans and animals. C. botulinum is associated with different forms of botulism including foodborne botulism from consuming contaminated food, infant botulism caused by intestinal infection with toxin-producing C. botulinum, and wound botulism resulting from the infection of a wound with this bacterium.
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium that naturally resides in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. Although the majority of E. coli strains are benign, certain types can lead to serious health issues. Certain pathogenic serotypes of E. coli even cause more serious foodborne illnesses. Its rapid growth and easy genetic manipulation make E. coli a preferred choice for producing recombinant proteins used in therapeutic applications.
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a widespread bacterium that inhabits the stomach lining and triggers the development of gastritis and peptic ulcers. It disrupts the stomach's protective mucus layer, increasing vulnerability to acid damage and inflammation. H. pylori can be transmitted through oral contact, vomit, or bodily fluids. Risk factors for infection include age and race or ethnicity.
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Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) is a prevalent species of cyanobacteria typically found in freshwater ecosystems. These cyanobacteria tend to develop colonies consisting of single-celled organisms, which produce harmful toxins that pose health risks to humans and animals who come into contact with contaminated water. Blooms of M. aeruginosa occur when nutrient levels in the water are high, creating ideal conditions for the bacteria to thrive. These blooms can be detrimental to the ecosystem and can negatively impact the water quality in affected areas.
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Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a frequent bacterium present in the upper respiratory system and on the skin's surface. Although it generally coexists peacefully within the body, it has the potential to lead to infections if it penetrates the bloodstream or enters through cuts and abrasions. S. aureus is known for its ability to produce toxins and evade the immune system, making it a leading cause of skin infections, respiratory infections, and food poisoning. This bacterium is particularly problematic in medical environments because of its ability to resist numerous antibiotics.
Bacteria are tiny, colorless, and transparent, so staining is often used to observe their size and morphological structure. The following are several commonly used bacterial staining methods:
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