Amerigo Scientific offers our high-quality ribosomal marker related antibodies for our esteemed clients, aiming to assist in their disease research projects and beyond.
Ribosomes are cellular organelles required for protein synthesis within all cells. Structurally, they are made up of two subunits: a large subunit (60s) and a small subunit (40s), both of which contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Ribosomes function by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acids, which are assembled into polypeptide chains according to the genetic code. This process occurs in two main stages: translation initiation, elongation, and termination. Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and within the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum in prokaryotes, underscoring their vital role in cellular protein production and function.
Ribosome biogenesis is an intricate event occurring primarily in the nucleolus of eukaryotic cells. It involves the synthesis and assembly of rRNA and proteins into functional ribosomes. The process begins with the transcription of rRNA genes by RNA polymerase I, producing a precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA). This pre-rRNA undergoes extensive modification and processing, including cleavage and addition of specific nucleotides, facilitated by small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and numerous proteins. Concurrently, ribosomal proteins (RPs)are produced in the cytoplasm and delivered to the nucleus, in which they are assembled with the processed rRNA. Completed ribosomal subunits are then transported through the nuclear pore complex to the cytoplasm, where they mature into functional ribosomes capable of protein synthesis, thereby essential for cellular growth, maintenance, and regulation.
RPs are fundamental parts of ribosomes, comprising about one-third of their mass. They are divided into two groups: small subunit proteins (e.g. S1, S2) and large subunit proteins (e.g. L1, L2). RPs are highly conserved across species and necessary for ribosome structure and function. They are distributed throughout the ribosome's subunits, contributing to the stability and functionality of the translation machinery in cells.
RPs play crucial roles in ribosome biogenesis and function. They stabilize the structure of ribosomal subunits, assist in rRNA processing, and stabilize secondary structures within rRNA molecules. Additionally, they facilitate the transport of pre-ribosomal particles and RNA folding, interact with auxiliary factors during ribosome assembly, and contribute to the translation process by ensuring efficient mRNA decoding and protein synthesis in cells.
RPs play a pivotal role in ribosomopathies, a group of disorders characterized by defective ribosome function or biogenesis. Mutations in ribosomal protein genes or assembly factors underlie conditions like Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, impairing erythropoiesis and pancreatic function, respectively. Additionally, ribosomal protein dysregulation contributes to cancer development by disrupting protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis control mechanisms. These insights underscore the broader implications of ribosomal protein abnormalities, prompting ongoing research into targeted therapies.
Fig.1 Overview of ribosome biogenesis and the steps affected in ribosomopathies.1
Amerigo Scientific provides leading ribosomal marker antibodies that are engineered for superior specificity and sensitivity and can be used for disease research and beyond. Key ribosomal targets include but are not limited to:
| RPS3 | RPS6 | RPS7 | RPS15 | RPS17 | RPS20 | RPS6KB1 | RPS27A |
| RPS27 | RPL5 | RPL15 | RPL22 | RPL26 | RPL34 | RPL36 | RPL7A |
| NPM | GRP78 | HSPA5 | PTEN | S6K1 | mTOR | Fibrillarin | Calnexin |
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