Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) encompass a range of disorders impacting the heart and blood vessels, like stroke, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. Common symptoms of CVDs can include chest discomfort, breathlessness, and irregular heartbeat. The main causes of CVDs, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking, as well as genetic predisposition, are frequently associated with lifestyle habits. CVD can be classified into several categories, like cerebrovascular, coronary heart, and peripheral arterial diseases. Early identification and intervention of risk factors are crucial in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease.
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the arteries constrict and stiffen owing to the accumulation of plaque, which contains cholesterol, fat, and other chemicals. The process begins with endothelial dysfunction, which allows low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to enter the artery wall. Advanced plaques may undergo calcification and rupture, causing thrombosis and acute cardiovascular events. Key molecules involved include LDL cholesterol, oxidized LDL, inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and MMPs.
Hypertension is defined as continuously increased blood pressure, which strains the arterial walls and can lead to endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and remodeling. Endothelial dysfunction reduces the production of nitric oxide, a vasodilator, and increases the secretion of vasoconstrictors such as endothelin-1. These changes promote vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis, contributing to the progression of hypertension and its complications.
Cerebrovascular disease affects blood vessels supplying the brain, resulting in illnesses such as stroke, a transient ischemic attack (TIA), and vascular dementia. Stroke strikes when the transport of blood to the brain is disrupted, via either bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke) or clot (ischemic stroke). TIAs, often termed "mini-strokes," are short-term interruptions of blood flow to the brain, indicating a possible stroke risk. Vascular dementia results from diminished blood supply to the brain, impairing cognitive functions and memory.
Coronary heart disease involves the narrowing or plaque buildup of coronary arteries, which results in myocardial infarction and ischemia. This can cause chest discomfort, heart failure, or heart attack. Inflammatory mediators, growth factors, and vasoconstrictors promote plaque formation and instability.
Fig.1 Types, risk factors, and common pathophysiological symptoms involved in CVDs.1
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