Exosome Marker related Antibody Products

Based on our commitment to quality and innovation, Amerigo Scientific launches high-quality exosome marker antibodies. Our antibodies are rigorously verified, designed for accurate detection of exosomes in various samples, and accessible for a variety of applications.

Exosomes Overview

Exosomes are small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles, generally 30-150 nm in diameter, originating from multivesicular bodies within cells. They are released into the extracellular area via fusion with the plasma membrane. Composed of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (including mRNA and miRNA), exosomes facilitate intercellular communication by transporting their cargo to recipient cells. They exist in various biological fluids and are implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes, such as immune response modulation, tumor progression, and neuronal signaling. Exosomes can be distinguished by particular markers such as CD63, CD81, and Alix, which facilitate their identification and isolation. Their diverse cargo and roles underscore their importance in both normal physiology and disease processes.

Exosome Biogenesis and Uptake

Exosome biogenesis involves intricate cellular processes crucial for intercellular communication. It begins with the formation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) within late endosomes, which accumulate cargo molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids through various sorting mechanisms. These ILVs, housed within multivesicular bodies (MVBs), undergo trafficking along microtubules to the cell periphery. Upon fusion of MVBs with the plasma membrane, ILVs are discharged into the extracellular environment as exosomes. Recipient cells internalize exosomes through various mechanisms, like direct fusion with the plasma membrane, endocytosis, or receptor-mediated interactions. Once internalized, exosomal cargo can influence recipient cell functions through modulation of signaling pathways, gene expression, or protein synthesis. This intricate process highlights exosomes' role not only as vehicles for biomolecule transfer but also as key mediators of cellular communication in physiological and pathological contexts.

Pleiotropic Functions of Exosomes

Exosomes exhibit pleiotropic functions in intercellular communication through their diverse cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In immune response and infection, exosomes from immune cells modulate recipient cell activity by transferring signaling molecules that regulate inflammation and antigen presentation. In metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, exosomes mediate lipid and glucose metabolism, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular remodeling. They contribute to neurodegenerative diseases by spreading misfolded proteins and neurotoxic molecules between neurons, affecting disease progression. In cancer, exosomes derived from tumors bolster tumor growth and metastasis by enhancing angiogenesis, immune evasion, and the formation of pre-metastatic niches.

Fig.1 Exosome's role in cell-cell communication and their content.^{1, 3}

Applications of Exosomes

Diagnosis

Exosomes offer significant diagnostic potential due to their rich cargo of biomarkers and have also made some progress in several fields. In cancer, exosomes carry tumor-specific proteins, RNA, and DNA, reflecting disease progression and treatment response. For cardiovascular diseases, exosome biomarkers reflect cardiac injury and remodeling. In tuberculosis, exosomal mycobacterial antigens and host proteins aid in early detection. In central nervous system diseases, neuron-derived exosomes contain disease-specific proteins and miRNAs, enabling non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

Treatment

Exosomes are emerging as potent therapeutic tools, especially in focused drug delivery systems. Engineered exosomes can be loaded with therapeutic cargo such as drugs, siRNA, or CRISPR-Cas9 complexes. Their natural ability to traverse biological barriers and selectively interact with target cells enhances drug delivery efficiency while reducing off-target effects. Research focuses on optimizing exosome loading, stability, and targeting specificity to advance personalized medicine and improve outcomes across various diseases.

Fig.2 Precisely targeting tumors with engineering exosomes as delivery carriers.^{2, 3}

Amerigo Scientific offers a range of exosome marker antibodies crucial for robust research in exosome biology. These antibodies enable precise identification and characterization of exosomes, facilitating insights into cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and more. The exosomal marker antibody targets include but are not limited to:

Explore our offerings today—contact us for more information.