Mitochondrial Metabolism related Antibody Products

Amerigo Scientific provides a broad portfolio of advanced antibodies for key enzymes and molecules in mitochondrial metabolism. These antibodies provide high specificity, enabling precise detection and analysis, and are ideal for studying mitochondrial function, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic development, ensuring reliable and reproducible results.

Mitochondrial metabolism refers to the biochemical processes occurring within the mitochondria, the cell's powerhouse. It involves pathways such as the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and beta-oxidation of fatty acids. These processes are crucial for generating ATP, the cell's fundamental energy currency. Beyond energy production, mitochondrial metabolism is essential for thermoregulation, apoptosis, and the regulation of cellular metabolism. Proper mitochondrial function ensures energy availability for vital cellular activities, supporting growth, repair, and overall cellular health. Dysfunction in mitochondrial metabolism can lead to various metabolic disorders and compromised cellular performance.

Major Mitochondrial Metabolic Pathways

Citric Acid Cycle: Additionally referred to as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. It is essential for cellular respiration by oxidizing acetyl-CoA obtained from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The citric acid cycle produces high-powered electron carriers NADH and FADH2, which are required for subsequent ATP production.

Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids: This pathway breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units within the mitochondrial matrix. The generated acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, while NADH and FADH2 produced in the process contribute to OXPHOS.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, the ETC is a group of protein complexes and coenzymes that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen. The electron transport forms a proton gradient across the inner membrane.

Oxidative Phosphorylation: OXPHOS is the last step in energy production, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to drive ATP synthesis via the ETC and ATP synthase, converting ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP. It is the major technique for producing ATP in aerobic organisms.

Fig.1 Mitochondrial metabolic pathways.¹

Signal Regulation of Mitochondrial Metabolism

Signal regulation of mitochondrial metabolism involves various pathways, including stress-activated kinases and cyclic AMP-activated kinase (AMPK).

• Stress-Activated Kinases: These include p38 MAPK and JNK, which respond to cellular stressors like oxidative stress. They modulate mitochondrial function by influencing the activity of proteins involved in apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and metabolic shifts. They can, for example, increase the expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, affecting energy efficiency and heat output.
• Cyclic AMP-Activated Kinase: AMPK acts as an energy sensor, activated by increases in AMP/ATP ratio. It promotes catabolic processes that generate ATP, such as fatty acid oxidation, while inhibiting anabolic processes that consume ATP. AMPK enhances mitochondrial biogenesis by activating PGC-1α, a key regulator of mitochondrial gene expression.

Mitochondrial metabolism-related proteins are crucial for various processes including energy generation, metabolic pathway control, and mitochondrial function maintenance. Amerigo Scientific provides advanced antibody products targeting key enzymes and other molecules in mitochondrial metabolism. Through our unmatched expertise and high specificity, you can achieve reliable and reproducible results to enhance your research.

Targets encompass, but are not limited to:

ATP Synthase (Complex V), NADH (Complex I), SDH (Complex II), Cytochrome c Oxidase (Complex IV), Cytochrome c, Ubiquinone, CS, ACO2, IDH, PDH, OGDH, SCS, MDH, CPT1, LCAD, ACLY, ME1, ME2, FH, UCPs, PGC-1α, NRF1/2, TFAM, JNK, AMPK, SIRT3.

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