Cellular signal transduction involves the relay of external and internal signals via specific signaling molecules, orchestrating cellular responses. Under pathological conditions, aberrant signaling may trigger deleterious pathways, promoting the proliferation of dysfunctional cells and contributing to the development of cancer, inflammation, arteriosclerosis, arthritis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Amerigo Scientific provides a suite of in-house produced and validated signal transduction antibodies, tailored to fulfill your precise research requirements.
Signal transduction encompasses the transmission of molecular signals from the cell's exterior to its interior. Cells must efficiently transmit received signals to initiate appropriate responses. This process begins with cell-surface receptors and includes the transfer of chemical or physical signals through a series of molecular events. Key among these are protein modifications such as phosphorylation, catalyzed by kinases, which trigger biochemical cascades known as signaling pathways. Receptors detect stimuli, initiating these cascades that orchestrate cellular responses.
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of signal transduction. Distributed under CC BY-SA 4.0, from Wiki, without modification.
| G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Signal Transduction Pathway | GPCRs, the largest family of membrane receptors, are targeted by numerous FDA-approved drugs. |
| Akt Signaling Pathway | PI 3-Kinase, activated by various stimuli including RTKs, phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3, recruiting Akt and PDK1 for Akt activation, leading Akt to influence autophagy, protein synthesis, cell cycle progression, and survival through multiple downstream pathways, including mTORC1 activation and inhibition of pro-apoptotic proteins. |
| HIF Enhancer/Repressor/Stability & Activity Pathways | Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors stabilized primarily under low oxygen conditions, inducing target genes to maintain homeostasis; they consist of an unstable alpha subunit and a stable beta subunit, making HIF-1 alpha a key pharmacological target in tumors due to its role in promoting angiogenesis and growth. |
| Jak/STAT Signaling Pathway and Intracellular Regulation | The Jak/STAT pathway, an intracellular signaling cascade comprising activators of transcription (STATs) and signal transducers and Jaks, mediates the effects of diverse cytokines and growth factors by employing non-receptor tyrosine kinases to facilitate signal transduction through phosphorylation. |
| MAPK Signaling Pathway: Mitogen Stimulation Pathway/Inflammatory Cytokines Pathway/Oxidative Stress Pathway | Mitogen stimulation of the MAPK signaling pathway, primarily via receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), activates the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK cascade, leading to cellular growth and proliferation through both cytoplasmic and nuclear targets. |
| mTOR Signaling Pathway | The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) complex, is a key regulator of anabolic and catabolic metabolism and cellular survival, which are regulated by extracellular signals like Wnts, TNF-alpha, and growth factors through pathways targeting TSC1/2, as well as by intracellular cues. |
| Notch Signaling Pathways | The Notch family of receptors are conserved proteins with roles in cell fate, proliferation, angiogenesis, survival, and immune response, where aberrant activity can impact tumorigenesis; |
| Organelle Markers Pathway | Co-localizing proteins with organelle markers using immunocytochemistry (ICC) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) are widely recognized as gold-standard techniques. |
Cell signaling plays a critical role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and responding to pathological conditions. Activation of various signaling pathways elicits diverse physiological responses, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and metabolic regulation. Recently, therapeutic interventions targeting signal transduction pathways have emerged as pivotal strategies in modern drug development. In healthy organisms, cellular growth and differentiation are tightly regulated. However, in pathological states, dysregulation of these processes can lead to the propagation of damaging signals or the proliferation of dysfunctional cells. This dysregulation is often implicated in the onset and progression of diseases such as cancers, infectious diseases, inflammation, arteriosclerosis, arthritis, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Adaptor proteins serve as molecular bridges that connect intracellular proteins in cellular signaling pathways.
A protein kinase is a kinase that specifically phosphorylates other proteins, leading to functional changes in the target protein's enzyme activity, cellular localization, or interactions.
Second messengers are small molecules and ions that transmit signals from cell-surface receptors to effector proteins.
GPCRs form the biggest class of membrane-bound receptors and are among the most abundant gene families.
Calcium-binding proteins participate in postsynaptic signaling and the cleavage of APP.
Amerigo Scientific provides an extensive array of pre-made recombinant antibodies encompassing diverse species, isotypes, and configurations. Should your precise requirements not be met by our existing offerings, our bespoke antibody engineering services are available to create tailored solutions. Explore our catalog of antibodies related to Signal Transduction, or for inquiries or quotation requests. Our team is eager to assist you.
