Amerigo Scientific is pleased to introduce our endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker antibodies designed for superior specificity and sensitivity to assist you unlock new insights in the study of the structure and function of the ER. We are committed to quality and reliability, guaranteeing you obtain the best tools for your research. Choose us for unparalleled support and innovative antibody solutions.
The ER, a vital cellular organelle found in eukaryotic cells, is crucial to the generation of proteins and lipids. It comprises interconnected membranous tubules, cisternae, and vesicles. The ER membranes are directly connected to the outer nuclear membrane. The ER is divided into two types: rough ER and smooth ER. Additionally, the ER is crucial for calcium storage and release, influencing various cellular processes and signaling pathways.
Fig.1 The structure and functions of the ER.1, 3
Rough ER is an interconnected network of membranous tubules and sacs that are coated with ribosomes, giving it a textured, "rough" appearance. Structurally, it comprises phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins. Ribosomes bind to its surface, facilitating the production of membrane-bound and secretory proteins. The rough ER is involved in protein folding, post-translational modifications, and quality assurance. It also plays a role in the assembly of protein complexes and the initial stages of glycosylation, transporting synthesized proteins to the Golgi apparatus.
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface, appearing smooth under electron microscopy. It is prevalent in cells involved in lipid metabolism, such as liver cells (hepatocytes). Functions include lipid synthesis (such as phospholipids and steroids), detoxification of drugs and toxins in liver cells, and regulation of calcium ion concentrations, particularly in muscle cells where it forms the sarcoplasmic reticulum, crucial for muscle contraction.
ER stress occurs when the ER is overwhelmed by unfolded or misfolded proteins, typically due to cellular stressors like nutrient deprivation or changes in calcium levels. This triggers the UPR, a cellular mechanism aimed at restoring ER functions and maintaining cell survival. UPR involves multiple physiological processes, including reducing protein synthesis, enhancing protein folding capacity through chaperone proteins like BiP/GRP78, and promoting protein degradation pathways if stress persists. Failure to resolve ER stress or UPR activation properly can lead to apoptosis (cell death) or contribute to various diseases like neurodegenerative disorders and diabetes, highlighting the critical role of ER homeostasis in cellular health.
Fig.2 Overview of ER stress and UPR.2, 3
ER marker antibodies can aid in the research of ER function, protein synthesis, and stress responses, as well as the roles of target proteins in ER function. Amerigo Scientific offers a range of antibody products targeting key ER markers. With high specificity and reliability, our antibodies enable precise ER target detection and analysis in various experimental settings. Key ER marker targets include:
| GRP78 | GRP94 | SERCA2 | COL1A1 | RyR1 | UGGT1 | HO-1 | Calnexin |
| Calreticulin | Erp29 | Erp57 | Erp60 | Erp72 | PDI | WFS1 | TAPI |
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