Innate Immunity related Antibody Products

Innate immunity represents the first defense of the body against invading infections. It is a rapid and nonspecific immune response that has existed since birth and needs no prior contact with the pathogen. The innate immune system consists of natural barriers that include the mucous membranes and skin, alongside molecular and cellular components. Innate immunity is crucial because it offers immediate protection and helps prevent the spread of infections. Its functions include recognizing and eliminating pathogens through phagocytosis, producing antimicrobial proteins, and initiating inflammation. Additionally, it activates and shapes the adaptive immune response, leading to a comprehensive defensive mechanism.

Anatomical Barriers of the Innate Immune System

Physical Barriers: They physically prohibit pathogens from entering the body. The skin is a primary physical barrier, with its tightly packed cells and keratinized layer preventing pathogen entry. Mucous membranes covering the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems create mucus that captures pathogens. Cilia on the surface of respiratory tract cells move trapped microbes out of the lungs.

Chemical Barriers: These barriers prevent pathogens from moving into the body through their openings and inner surfaces. These include substances secreted by the skin and mucous membranes, such as sweat, breastmilk, mucus, saliva, tears, and semen. Sweat and sebum contain antimicrobial peptides and fatty acids that inhibit microbial growth. Lysozyme, found in saliva, tears, and mucus, breaks down bacterial cell walls. Gastric acid in the stomach also can create a highly acidic environment that destroys many ingested pathogens.

Biological Barriers: Normal flora, or commensal microorganisms, reside on the skin and mucous membranes, outcompeting potential pathogens for nutrients and space, thereby making the environment inhospitable for pathogens. These beneficial microbes also produce substances that inhibit pathogenic bacteria.

Fig.1 The adaptive immune system components.¹

Effectors Molecules of Innate Immune

• Macrophage, Monocyte, and Dendritic Cell Markers: These markers help in identifying and characterizing these cells, which are essential for phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
• NK Cells and Receptors: NK cells play a vital role in identifying and killing virally infected and tumor cells through their receptors.
• Granulocytes Markers: Granulocytes play a role in inflammatory responses and parasite infection resistance.
• Complement: The complement system enhances phagocytosis, induces inflammation, and directly lyses pathogens through the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC).
• Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR): Including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLR), RIG-I-like receptors (RLR), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), PRRs identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger immune responses.
• Cytokines and Chemokines: These signaling molecules coordinate the immune response by attracting immune cells to infection sites and modulating inflammation.

Based on the above innate immune effector molecule categories, Amerigo Scientific provides a full range of molecular antibody products, and some corresponding target molecules are listed in the table below. With our expertise in immunology, we offer unparalleled advantages in research and development. Our high-quality products provide specific and reliable detection, enabling breakthrough discoveries. In addition, we provide customized antibody services for more innate immune molecular targets not listed in the table.

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