Nucleolus Marker related Antibody Products

Amerigo Scientific provides an extensive selection of nucleolar marker related antibodies to cater to diverse scientific research needs.

The nucleolus stands out as the most conspicuous sub-nuclear structure in the eukaryotic cell nucleus. This dynamic, non-membrane-bound organelle is crucial for ribosome biogenesis. In addition to its central function, the nucleolus contributes to the regulation of the cell cycle, assembly of ribonucleoprotein complexes, and mitotic processes. Its activity is connected to a variety of diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative conditions. In cancer, an increase in nucleolar size and number is observed, while a reduction in nucleolar size is typical in neurodegenerative diseases.

Introduction of Nucleolus

The nucleolus, the most prominent structure within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, is a dynamic, non-membrane-bound organelle primarily known for its role in ribosome biogenesis. In addition, the nucleolus contributes to the assembly of signal recognition particles and is crucial for cellular stress response mechanisms. Composed of proteins, DNA, and RNA, nucleoli form around specific chromosomal regions known as nucleolar organizing regions. The nucleolus exhibits three distinct sub-compartments: the granular component (GC), the fibrillar center (FC), and the dense fibrillar component (DFC). Dysfunction in nucleoli can lead to various human diseases termed "nucleolopathies," and the nucleolus is currently under investigation as a potential target for cancer chemotherapy.

Fig.1 Diagram illustrating structure of nucleolus.¹

Nucleolopathies

Dysfunction in nucleoli, termed "nucleolopathies," can lead to severe human diseases. The nucleolus responds dynamically to diverse cellular stresses, including nucleolar factor depletion, r-protein loss, nutrient scarcity, UV radiation, and viral infections. These stressors induce specific morphological changes in the nucleolus, such as altered size, number, and component translocation. Initially linked to a P53-dependent pathway, nucleolar stress triggers the extranucleolar accumulation of factors like NPM1, stabilizing P53 and leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. These insights underscore the nucleolus's critical role in disease and aging processes.

• In cancer：Increased nucleolar size or number serves as a significant prognostic indicator in various tumor types. Traditionally, these changes were attributed to heightened demands for translation in rapidly dividing cancer cells. Dysregulated expression of r-proteins is common in cancers, with overexpression of specific r-proteins linked to poor outcomes in ovarian cancer and glioblastoma. Interestingly, ribosomopathy patients, characterized by impaired ribosome function and reduced protein synthesis, face heightened cancer risks. These insights underscore the complex role of ribosomal dysfunction in cancer progression.
• In neurodegenerative disorders: Despite being non-dividing cells with limited growth potential, mature neurons exhibit high metabolic demands due to their large size and extensive synaptic connections. Nucleolar changes, crucial for ribosome biogenesis, are notably implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. In diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, nucleoli frequently exhibit reduced size relative to those observed in healthy cells. Nucleolar morphology does not always correlate directly with ribosome production. Nucleolar stress, characterized by epigenetic alterations in rDNA promoters and abnormal distribution of nucleolar proteins, can contribute to neurodegeneration. Disease-specific pathologies are influenced by neuronal subtype susceptibility.
• In aging: Changes in nucleolar size or function are increasingly recognized as a distinctive feature of aging. As individuals age, nucleolar function declines, influenced by alterations in nutrient sensing pathways, nucleolar protein composition, and epigenetic changes affecting nucleolar organizing regions (NORs). These modifications that reduce nucleolar function are linked to longer lifespans, whereas increased ribosome biogenesis is associated with shorter lifespans.

Fig.2 Altered nucleolar morphology in disease settings.¹

Key Markers of Nucleolus

• Nop1p, also known as Fibrillarin, was initially identified as a nucleolar protein in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This protein is vital for yeast cell viability and is localized within the nucleoli. In humans, the homologous protein to Nop1p is fibrillarin, which is a constituent of the nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex.
• In yeast, Nop2p shares homology with the human nucleolar antigen known as p120, associated with cell proliferation.
• Nop5p, known alternatively as Nop58p, is crucial within Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) for the processing of pre-18S rRNA. Predicted to weigh 57 kDa, Nop5p includes a repeated KKX motif at its carboxyl terminus.
• Nsr1p, a protein localized in the nucleolus, exhibits binding affinity towards the telomeric repeat sequence (TG1-3)n in a single-stranded form. It is involved in the maturation of ribosomal RNA and may also play a role in the nuclear transport of proteins.

Amerigo Scientific provides an extensive selection of pre-made recombinant antibodies across multiple species, isotypes, and configurations. Should our catalog not meet your specific requirements, our bespoke antibody engineering services stand ready to create tailored solutions. Explore our extensive collection of antibody products targeting nucleolus markers. For further inquiries or to request a quotation, please do not hesitate to reach out to us; we are eager to assist you in fulfilling your research needs.