Minocycline Hydrochloride

- Overview
  - Minocycline Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of Minocycline, a broad-spectrum tetracycline patented in 1961 by Pfizer which came into commercial use in 1971. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. The compound has been found to inhibit PARP1 and nitric oxide synthase. It is a n NMDA receptor antagonist and has neuroprotective effects. It also has chondroprotective effects in inflammatory models of arthritis. Minocycline Hydrochloride is freely soluble in in water and slightly soluble in alcohol.
    
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    Background
    
    Tetracyclines inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by entering the cell and binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit preventing binding of tRNA. Minocycline acts as a PARP1 inhibitor. It can also indirectly inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase.
- Properties
  - CAS Number
    
    13614-98-7
    
    Molecular Formula
    
    C23H27N3O7 ·HCl
    
    Molecular Weight
    
    493.94
    
    Appearance
    
    Yellow crystalline powder
    
    Solubility
    
    Freely soluble in water. Slightly soluble in alcohol.
    
    Other Properties
    
    Source: Synthetic
    Water Content (Karl Fischer): 4.3-8.0%
    PH: 3.5-4.5
    Assay: (On Dried Basis): 890 - 950 µg/mg
    Identification: Conforms
    
    Storage
    
    2-8°C
    
    * For research use only
- Applications
  - Application Description
    
    Spectrum: Minocycline Hydrochoride has a broad-spectrum of activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria which cause infections of the upper respiratory tract. It can be used for MRSA.
    
    Microbiology Applications: Minocycline Hydrochloride is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbial isolates. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options. Representative MIC values include:
    Neisseria meningitidis 0.06 µg/mL - 0.12 µg/mL
    Streptococcus pneumoniae 0.03 µg/mL - 8 µg/mL
    
    Eukaryotic Cell Culture Applications: Minocycline is an NMDA receptor antagonist and has neuroprotective effects. In models of neurodegenerative disease, it has shown promise in disease models of Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
    Minocycline has “chondroprotective” effects in inflammatory arthritis animal models. Nitric oxide (NO) is released from cartilage affected by osteoarthritis (OA) and thus the overproduction of NO has been implicated in the pathogenesis of arthritis. The effect of Minocycline on the expression of human OA-affected nitric oxide synthase (OA-NOS) and rodent inducible NOS (iNOS). Minocycline inhibited lipopolysaccharide- and interferon-γ-stimulated iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. It did not influence the specific activity of iNOS in cell-free extracts. Minocycline should be evaluated as potential therapeutic modulators of NO for various pathological conditions (Amin et al, 1996).