Doxycycline Hydrochloride

- Overview
  - Doxycycline Hydrochloride is the preferred formulation in many pharmaceutical research applications. The compound has broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiprotozoan activity, interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. It also displays anti-tumor properties.
    
    Doxycycline hydrochloride is soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, DMF and DMSO.
    
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    Background
    
    Doxycycline Hydrochloride readily forms a salt in HCl solutions due to the protonation of the basic dimethylamino group.
    Tetracycline antimicrobials bind to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit interfering with tRNA/mRNA interaction, ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis. Tetracyclines can inhibit the MMP enzyme family and inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and it can also interfere with tumor-related protein synthesis in mammalian cells.
- Properties
  - CAS Number
    
    10592-13-9
    
    Molecular Formula
    
    C22H25ClN2O8
    
    Molecular Weight
    
    480.9
    
    Appearance
    
    Yellow to orange solid
    
    Solubility
    
    Doxycycline Hydrochloride is soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, DMF and DMSO.
    
    Other Properties
    
    Source: semi-synthetic
    Purity Level: ≥98%
    
    Storage
    
    -20°C
    
    * For research use only
- Applications
  - Application Description
    
    Spectrum: Doxycycline Hydrate has broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and protozoa.
    
    Microbiology Applications: Doxycycline is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and certain Mycoplasma species. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options. Representative MIC values include:Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae 0.1 µg/ml Enterococcus spp. (vancomycin-resistant) 4 µg/ml
    Eukaryotic Cell Culture Applications: Doxycycline is routinely used for gene selection. For additional information on your cell culture needs, please visit our Cell-Culture database.Doxycycline is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Using a series of in vitro assays that mimic steps in vascular remodeling, researchers found Doxycycline increased smooth muscle cell adhesion to the substrate. It also inhibited collagen gel remodeling. These properties make it potentially useful in vascular disease like atherosclerosis, restenosis, and transplant arteriopathy (Franco et al, 2006).
    
    Cancer Applications: Doxycycline was able to inhibit cancer stem cell progression across an entire panel of 12 different tumor cell lines representing different cancer types (DCIS, breast, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, glioblastoma, and melanoma (Lamb et al, 2015).Doxycycline can eradicate cancer stem cells in breast cancer patients in vivo. Authors found a quantitative decease in CD44 and ALDH1 expression, biomarkers of ‘stemness’. This is promising work in using cancer stem cells for cancer prevention, and is an excellent candidate for compound repurposing (Scatena et al, 2018). Doxycycline was found to inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of NCI-H446 human small cell lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. It suppressed transcription factors Twist1/2, SNAI1/2, AP1, NF-κB, and Stat3, which resulted in a reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibited signal transduction, which suppressed tumor growth and metastasis. It selectively targets malignant tumors and reduces its metastatic potential with less cytotoxicity (Qin et al, 2015)