Cephalothin Sodium, USP

- Overview
  - Cephalothin Sodium, USP is a semisynthetic, β-lactam, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It is effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cephalothin Sodium is inactivated by cephalosporinase.
    Cephalothin Sodium is freely soluble in aqueous solution.
    
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    Background
    
    Like β-lactams, cephalosporins interfere with PBP (penicillin binding protein) activity involved in the final phase of peptidoglycan synthesis. PBP’s are enzymes which catalyze a pentaglycine crosslink between alanine and lysine residues providing additional strength to the cell wall. Without a pentaglycine crosslink, the integrity of the cell wall is severely compromised and ultimately leads to cell lysis and death. Resistance to cephalosporins is commonly due to cells containing plasmid encoded β-lactamases.
- Properties
  - CAS Number
    
    58-71-9
    
    Molecular Formula
    
    C16H15N2NaO6S2
    
    Molecular Weight
    
    418.42
    
    Appearance
    
    White or almost white crystalline powder
    
    Solubility
    
    Freely soluble in aqueous solution (50 mg/ml)
    
    Other Properties
    
    Source: Semi-synthetic
    PH: 4.5-7.0 (250 mg/mL)
    Assay: ≥ 850µg/mg
    Loss on Drying: ≤ 1.5%
    Optical Rotation: +124° to +134°
    Identification: UV, test for Sodium
    Purity Level: ≥95.0%
    
    Storage
    
    -20°C
    
    * For research use only
- Applications
  - Application Description
    
    Spectrum: Cephalothin Sodium is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin targeting a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria especially those which cause respiratory and skin infections.
    
    Microbiology Applications: Cephalothin Sodium is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against Gram-negative microbial isolates. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options. Representative MIC values include: Escherichia coli 0.78 µg/mL - >128 µg/mL Staphylococcus aureus 0.25 µg/mL - >23.9 µg/mL Media Supplements Cephalothin can be used as a selective agent in several types of isolation media: Columbia Blood Agar - Campylobacter selective supplement (Blaser-Wang)
    
    Eukaryotic Cell Culture Applications: In vitro cytotoxicity test for estimating the non-ocular irritation dose of ophthalmic solutions was studied using human epidermal keratinocytes in a monolayer. This system can estimate non-ocular irritation dose in advance of the in vivo tests (Nagami and Maki, 1993). Cephalothin resistance in E. coli was found to be mediated by OxyS RNA, a small non-coding RNA which is induced in response to oxidative stress. OxyS modulates gene expression in multiple pathways to develop resistance. In fact, 17 CRP-associated pathway genes are involved. (Cho and Kim, 2018).