Amoxicillin Trihydrate, USP

- Overview
  - Amoxicillin Trihydrate, USP is an extended spectrum β-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to Ampicillin. Resistance to Amoxicillin can be attributed to β-lactamase enzymes secreted by resistant cells. The compound is effective against a variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
    Amoxicillin Trihydrate is slightly soluble in water.
    Ampicillin Trihydrate, USP conforms to United States Pharmacopoeia specifications.
    
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    Background
    
    Like all β-lactams, Amoxicillin targets PBP’s (penicillin binding proteins) involved in the final phase of peptidoglycan synthesis. PBP’s are enzymes which catalyze a pentaglycine crosslink between alanine and lysine residues. Without a pentaglycine crosslink, the integrity of the cell wall is severely compromised ultimately leading to the death of the cell.
- Properties
  - CAS Number
    
    61336-70-7
    
    Molecular Formula
    
    C16H19N3O5S •3H2O
    
    Molecular Weight
    
    419.45
    
    Appearance
    
    White or almost white crystalline powder
    
    Solubility
    
    Benzene: Insoluble
    Carbon tetrachloride: Insoluble
    Chloroform: Insoluble
    Methanol: Slightly soluble
    Water: Slightly soluble
    
    Other Properties
    
    Source: Semi-synthetic
    Water Content (Karl Fischer): 11.5%-14.5%
    PH: 3.5 - 6.0
    Assay: (On Dried Basis): 900-1050 µg/mg
    Identification: Conforms (IR)
    
    Storage
    
    2-8°C
    
    * For research use only
- Applications
  - Application Description
    
    Spectrum: Amoxicillin targets a wide range of β-lactamase negative Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria including E. coli and a number of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. Interestingly, Amoxicillin has been found to be effective against certain β-lactam sensitive VRE or vancomycin resistant Enterococcus; a glycopeptide antibiotic resistant "superbug."
    
    Microbiology Applications: Amoxicillin is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbial isolates. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options. Representative MIC values include:
    Neisseria gonorrhoeae 0.3 µg/mL - 32 µg/mL
    Haemophilus influenzae 0.125 µg/mL - >64 µg/mL
    
    Eukaryotic Cell Culture Applications: Dendritic cells were incubated with supernatant from Amoxicillin-treated hepatocytes to characterize drug-specific signaling pathways between hepatocytes and immune cells to study the influence of the compound on the immune response (Ogese, 2017).