Milbemycin Oxime

- Overview
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    Background
    
    In invertebrates, macrocyclic lactones (MLs) can open ligand-gated chloride channels such as glutamate-sensitive chloride ion channels. When bound, MLs causes an influx of chloride into the parasite neurons leading to hyperpolarization, paralysis, and death.
    In mammals, MLs bind to gamma-aminobutyric acid type A-gated chloride channels (GABAA receptors). GABA is the primary neurotransmitter in the brain. MLs are believed to bind to GABAA receptors, which are only present in the central nervous system.
    Milbemycin Oxime has surprising intrinsic antifungal activity. It inhibits fungal growth by inhibiting ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Fungicidal activity could be related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) species formation in these species.
- Properties
  - CAS Number
    
    129496-10-2
    
    Molecular Formula
    
    Milbemycin A3 - C31H43NO7
    Milbemycin A4 - C32H45NO7
    
    Molecular Weight
    
    541.7 (A3), 555.7 (A4)
    
    Appearance
    
    White or light yellow powder
    
    Solubility
    
    Very soluble in anhydrous ethanol and ethyl acetate. Soluble in ethanol, methanol and DMF. Sparingly soluble in DMSO.
    
    Other Properties
    
    Source: Semi-synthetic; originally derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. aureolacrimosus
    Assay: (A3 + A4): 95.0 - 102.0%A3 Ratio: ≤ 0.20 A4 Ratio: ≥ 0.80
    
    Storage
    
    ≤30°C
    
    * For research use only
- Applications
  - Application Description
    
    Spectrum: Milbemycin Oxime is active against arthropods, nematodes, insects, and mites (Sarcoptes, Demodex). It is also active against fungi including C. albicans, C. glabrata.