Maduramicin Ammonium

Maduramicin Ammonium is prepared from Maduramicin by taking advantage of the acidic carboxylic acid which ionizes and readily forms a salt complex in ammonium hydroxide solutions. This formulation is preferred in animals to enhance growth and prevent coccidiosis. Maduramicin is an ionophore, forming complexes with monovalent cations, with a higher affinity for K+ than Na+. Maduramicin Ammonium is soluble in ethanol, methanol, DMF and DMSO, but has limited water solubility.

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Background

Maduramicin can form complexes with cations (particularly Na+, K+ and Ca2+), thereby promoting their transport across the cell membrane and increasing the osmotic pressure in the coccidia, which inhibits certain mitochondrial functions such as substrate oxidation and ATP hydrolysis, eventually leading to cell death in the protozoa.
In cell culture studies, Maduramicin was found to cause accumulation of the cells at G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, and induce cellular apoptosis. It can also downregulate protein expression of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinases, and upregulate expression of CDK inhibitors.