Ceftazidime Pentahydrate

- Overview
  - Ceftazidime Pentahydrate is a broad-spectrum, third-generation, β-lactam cephalosporin that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. Patented in 1979 by Glaxo Group, Ceftazidime came into commercial use in 1984. Ceftazidime is bactericidal in action exerting its effect by inhibition of enzymes responsible for cell-wall synthesis, primarily penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3). Ceftazidime Pentahydrate is sparingly soluble in aqueous solution.
    
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    Background
    
    Like β-lactams, cephalosporins interfere with PBP (penicillin binding protein) activity involved in the final phase of peptidoglycan synthesis. PBP’s are enzymes which catalyze a pentaglycine crosslink between alanine and lysine residues providing additional strength to the cell wall. Without a pentaglycine crosslink, the integrity of the cell wall is severely compromised and ultimately leads to cell lysis and death. Resistance to cephalosporins is commonly due to cells containing plasmid-encoded β-lactamases, however, Ceftazidime is stable in the presence of β-lactamases.
- Properties
  - CAS Number
    
    78439-06-2
    
    Molecular Formula
    
    C22H22N6O7S2 •5H2O
    
    Molecular Weight
    
    636.65
    
    Appearance
    
    White or almost white crystalline powder
    
    Solubility
    
    Sparingly soluble in aqueous solution. Organic solvents can facilitate dissolution.
    
    Other Properties
    
    Source: Synthetic
    PH: 3.0-4.0
    Assay: (On Dried Basis): 95.0-102.0%
    Residue On Ignition: ≤0.2%
    Heavy Metals: ≤20ppm
    Loss on Drying: 13.0-15.0%
    
    Storage
    
    -20°C
    
    * For research use only
- Applications
  - Application Description
    
    Spectrum: Ceftazidime Pentahydrate is broad-spectrum, targeting both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, but is most effective for Gram-negative strains including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae (including β-lactamase positive strains). It is also used against Streptococcus pneumoniae, and S. pyogenes.
    
    Microbiology Applications: Ceftazidime Pentahydrate is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against Gram negative microbial isolates. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options. Representative MIC values include:
    Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 µg/mL – 64 µg/mL
    Escherichia coli 0.06 µg/mL – >32 µg/mL
    Media Supplements
    Ceftazidime can be used as a selective agent in several types of isolation media:
    PALCAM Agar - PALCAM Selective Supplement
    Chromogenic Listeria Agar - Chromogenic Listeria Selective Supplement
    Chromogenic Listeria Agar - Chromogenic Listeria Differential Supplement
    
    Eukaryotic Cell Culture Applications: Human bronchial epithelial cells from chronically infected cystic fibrosis airways were cultured and exposed to Ceftazidime in order to analyze the cytotoxicity. Even at concentrations many times the antimicrobial level, the compound was nontoxic (Randell et al, 2001).
    Ceftazidime present in aqueous solutions generate Cefazidime degradation products (CDPs) that inhibit in vitro HIV-1 replication in cell lines (MT-2) transformed with HTLV-I virions, CEM-SS, H9/HTLV-IIIB NIH 1983, Molt-4 clone 8, and U937 and in primary cells (lymphocytes and macrophages from peripheral blood mononuclear cells). The chemical nature of the active component responsible for the anti-HIV activity is currently unknown other than it is a high molecular weight polymer (MW 8000). The inhibitory action was manifested during the early phase of the HIV-1 lifecycle (Hobi et al, 2001).