Carboxylated 100-120 nm Yellow FND in DI Water (Combination of NV/NVN centers)

Novel nanodiamonds have a combination of a nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers with red to near-infrared fluorescence and nitrogen-vacancy-nitrogen (NVN) centers with green fluorescence within the particle.

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Background

Nanodiamonds (NDs) have been successfully applied in different materials science fields due to their stiffness, lubricity, mechanical resistance, and refractivity. Moreover, due to their high biocompatibility, inherent inertness, ability to easily penetrate cell membranes, and well-established surface chemistry, NDs are explored as a powerful carrier for delivering different drugs within target cells and monitoring intracellular processes.
The bioconjugation of NDs to specific biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and other bioactive molecules can be classified as noncovalent, covalent, and interlayer mediated approaches based on the interactions between NDs and these biomolecules. NDs are able to form complexes with proteins or lipophilic drugs through hydrophobic interactions, while the surface charge of NDs enables the loading of the biomolecules through electrostatic attraction. Since the non-covalent bond interaction is weak and non-specific, biomolecules could gradually detach from the ND surface under biological conditions. For NDs with functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, it is possible to conjugate to biomolecules through covalent bonds, such as ester and amide bonds, thus providing a stronger and more stable connection. To enable practical applications of functionalized NDs in physiological environments, interlayers consisting of hydrophilic polymers are introduced between NDs and bioactive substances to enhance their aqueous dispersibility and provide more functionalities for chemical binding. PEG chains terminated with functional groups such as amino, thiol and azido groups are often employed to selectively bind a range of biomolecules through covalent bonds.

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