Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs): Nature’s UV Shield for Biotechnology and Skincare

Introduction to Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs)

Mycosporine-like Amino Acids, commonly referred to as MAAs, are small, water-soluble molecules produced by various organisms such as algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, and marine animals. These compounds are known for their ability to absorb harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, especially in the UV-A (320–400 nm) and UV-B (280–320 nm) ranges.

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MAAs were first discovered in organisms living in high-UV environments like coral reefs and high-altitude lakes. Over time, they have drawn increasing interest for their natural photoprotective functions and biological versatility, particularly in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology industries.

In recent years, MAAs have become a focus for sustainable product development, especially as the demand for reef-safe and skin-friendly sun protection continues to rise. Because they are non-toxic, biodegradable, and highly stable, MAAs offer promising alternatives to synthetic UV filters like oxybenzone and octinoxate.

Natural Sources of MAAs

MAAs are widely distributed across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, especially in organisms exposed to intense sunlight or UV radiation. Their natural production is a survival strategy against the damaging effects of UV radiation.

Key MAA-producing organisms include:

• Marine algae (red, green, and brown algae)
• Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria often found in lakes and oceans)
• Fungi (especially lichen-forming species)
• Corals and marine invertebrates (through symbiotic algae)

The production of MAAs is often influenced by environmental factors, including:

• UV intensity
• Water depth and clarity
• Nutrient availability
• Seasonal light exposure

For example, red algae like Porphyra and Chondrus produce high concentrations of porphyra-334, a common MAA with a peak absorption at 334 nm. Similarly, freshwater cyanobacteria like Anabaena can synthesize mycosporine-glycine when exposed to elevated UV levels.

Types of MAAs and Their Unique Structures

More than 30 different MAAs have been identified so far, each with distinct chemical features and absorption maxima. These compounds typically consist of a cyclohexenone or cyclohexenimine ring conjugated with an amino acid, imino alcohol, or other nitrogenous substituent.

Fig 1. Examples of mycosporine-like amino-acids (MAAs) structures: (a) mycosporine-glycine (oxo-mycosporine); (b) shinorine (imino-mycosporine). (Geraldes V, Pinto E. 2021)

Common MAAs and Their Absorption Maxima:

Structural Features:

• Cyclohexenone core (UV-A absorbing, ~310 nm)
• Cyclohexenimine core (UV-B absorbing, ~334 nm)
• Side chains influence solubility, reactivity, and stability

The diversity in absorption spectra allows organisms to fine-tune protection depending on their habitat. Additionally, these molecules are thermally stable and resistant to photodegradation, making them attractive for formulation in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Biosynthesis and Environmental Distribution

The biosynthesis of MAAs involves multiple enzymatic pathways, the most notable being the shikimate pathway — a key route for the production of aromatic amino acids. In some cyanobacteria, an alternate route via the pentose phosphate pathway has also been observed.

Key Enzymes and Steps:

• Dehydroquinate synthase (DHQS) initiates ring formation
• O-methyltransferases and aminotransferases add nitrogenous groups
• Environmental UV exposure upregulates these biosynthetic genes

Distribution in Nature:

• Marine ecosystems: Coral reefs, intertidal zones, deep-sea vents
• Terrestrial environments: Arid soils, high-elevation fungi
• MAAs are typically found in higher concentrations during summer or in equatorial regions, where UV radiation is strongest.

Understanding biosynthesis is critical for biotechnological production of MAAs in microbial systems, enabling scalable, cost-effective, and sustainable commercial applications.

Biological Activities and Health Benefits of MAAs

Photoprotection Against UV Radiation

The primary function of MAAs is to absorb UV rays and dissipate them as harmless heat, preventing DNA damage, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation. This protective feature helps organisms survive under high UV exposure.

Antioxidant Activity

MAAs also scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), preventing oxidative stress in cells. Their antioxidant power supports:

• Cellular health
• Reduced inflammation
• Anti-aging effects

Anti-inflammatory Effects

Some MAAs can downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, helping reduce redness, irritation, and tissue damage after UV exposure. This makes them especially useful in post-sun skincare formulations.

Other Potential Benefits:

• Anti-cancer potential: Early studies suggest MAAs may protect against UV-induced carcinogenesis
• Neuroprotection: MAA derivatives may guard neurons against oxidative injury
• Immune modulation: Effects on cytokine pathways are under investigation

Applications of MAAs in Industry

MAAs are gaining attention across several industries due to their eco-friendly profile and bioactivity.

Skincare and Cosmetics

• Natural sunscreen agents: Replace synthetic UV filters like avobenzone and oxybenzone
• Anti-aging serums: Thanks to antioxidant and collagen-preserving properties
• Post-sun soothing gels: Reduce inflammation and repair skin damage

MAAs are especially attractive in "reef-safe" and "clean-label" skincare lines, catering to eco-conscious consumers.

Pharmaceutical Applications

• UV protection in ophthalmic solutions
• Topical anti-inflammatory creams
• Oral antioxidants for skin and systemic health

Biomaterials and Other Sectors

• Incorporation into UV-resistant polymers
• Food preservatives for antioxidant protection
• Marine coatings to protect aquatic equipment from UV degradation

Commercialization Challenges and Opportunities

Challenges:

• Low natural yield: MAAs occur in small quantities, requiring large biomass or optimized extraction
• High production costs: Cultivation and purification remain expensive
• Regulatory hurdles: Limited clinical data means slow FDA/EMA approval pathways
• Consumer awareness: MAAs are still underrecognized compared to synthetic compounds

Opportunities:

• Synthetic biology and microbial fermentation offer scalable solutions
• Partnerships with skincare and pharma brands can accelerate market adoption
• Environmental regulations banning synthetic UV filters will boost demand
• Consumer preference for natural, non-toxic ingredients supports growth

Companies like Amerigo Scientific, with deep expertise in biotech products, are well-positioned to supply MAA-based compounds or partner in their development.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: What are MAAs used for in skincare?

MAAs are natural ingredients used in sunscreens, anti-aging creams, and after-sun products. They protect skin from UV damage, reduce oxidative stress, and help maintain youthful skin.

Q2: Are MAAs safe for human use?

Yes, MAAs are non-toxic, biodegradable, and non-irritating. Early safety studies suggest they are safe for topical and potentially oral use, though more human trials are needed.

Q3: How do MAAs compare to synthetic UV filters?

Unlike synthetic filters, MAAs are:

• Eco-friendly (reef-safe)
• Biodegradable
• Stable under heat and light
• Non-toxic and less likely to cause skin reactions

Q4: Which organisms produce the highest concentrations of MAAs?

Red algae such as Porphyra, Chondrus, and cyanobacteria like Anabaena are top producers. Some coral symbionts also yield high MAA levels.

Q5: What is the future outlook for MAAs in industry?

The future is bright. With rising demand for natural and sustainable UV filters, MAAs are expected to become mainstream in skincare, pharmaceuticals, and biomaterials, supported by advances in biotechnology and synthetic biology.

Conclusion

Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs) represent a biologically elegant solution to UV protection. Found naturally in algae, fungi, and marine life, these molecules are not only effective at shielding against harmful radiation but also offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Their potential for application in cosmetics, healthcare, and biomaterials is enormous.

However, to realize this potential, challenges in production scalability, regulatory approval, and consumer education must be addressed. With increasing awareness about the environmental impact of synthetic UV filters, MAAs offer a sustainable, safe, and science-backed alternative.

Amerigo Scientific continues to support the research, sourcing, and distribution of innovative bioactive compounds like MAAs — helping scientists and companies develop next-generation products that are both effective and environmentally responsible.

Reference

1. Geraldes V, Pinto E. Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs): Biology, Chemistry and Identification Features. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021; 14(1):63.