Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicator - Mitochondria

Sub-cellular compartments such as the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the SR, have calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations ranges spanning from low micromolar to high millimolar. In compartments with high Ca2+ concentrations, fluorescent indicators which are optimized for the detection of cytoplasmic Ca2+ (typically in the 0.1 to 10 μM range) become saturated and unresponsive to physiologically relevant changes in Ca2+ concentration. To address this problem, substantial research effort has gone into developing low affinity Ca2+ indicators, including genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (FP). In contrast to synthetic dye-based indicators, FP-based indicators are delivered to the cell as their corresponding DNA coding sequences and can include additional sequences for expression in specific tissues or targeted to specific subcellular compartments.

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