Ciprofloxacin (hydrochloride)

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Background

Ciprofloxacin (hydrochloride) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities [1].
Ciprofloxacin functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, the enzymes responsible for negative supercoiling of chromosomes and DNA strand separation, thus blocking initiation of bacterial replication. Topoisomerase IV is the primary target of ciprofloxacin in S. aureus [2].
Ciprofloxacin (hydrochloride) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that acts as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agent. In B6D2F1/J mice received radiation combined injury (CI), Ciprofloxacin significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine concentrations (IL-6 and KC), and enhanced IL-3 production. CIP also inhibited CI-induced apoptosis and autophagy in ileal villi, systemic bacterial infection, and IgA production [1]. Ciprofloxacin (hydrochloride) had been approved by FDA for management of postexposure inhalational anthrax. In animals after exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis, ciprofloxacin significantly improved survival rate. Ciprofloxacin inhibited the growth of B. anthracis with MIC90 of 0.06 μg/mL. In the USAMRIID rhesus monkey model of inhalational anthrax, the maximum concentration (Cmax) of Ciprofloxacin was 1.74 μg/mL and the minimum concentration (Cmin) was 0.17 μg/mL [3].

[1]. Fukumoto R, Cary LH, Gorbunov NV, et al. Ciprofloxacin modulates cytokine/chemokine profile in serum, improves bone marrow repopulation, and limits apoptosis and autophagy in ileum after whole body ionizing irradiation combined with skin-wound trauma. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58389.
[2]. Drlica K, Zhao X. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997 Sep;61(3):377-92.
[3]. Meyerhoff A, Albrecht R, Meyer JM, et al. US Food and Drug Administration approval of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride for management of postexposure inhalational anthrax. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 1;39(3):303-8.