Metronidazole

- Overview
  - Metronidazole is a bioactive small molecule and broad-spectrum nitromidazole antibiotic used against anaerobic bacteria and parasites. The hydroxy metabolite, 1-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-2-hydroxy methyl-5-nitroimidazole is considered the major active metabolite from the 5 metabolites produced in vivo.
    Metronidazole is sparingly soluble in aqueous solution.
    
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    Background
    
    Metronidazole has a unique mode of action, its metabolites forming unstable molecules which are incorporated into cellular DNA, and inhibit DNA replication and transcription. This mechanism has a bactericidal effect on anaerobic cell-encoded β-lactamases. It has shown activity against the majority of obligate anaerobes, but did not demonstrate significant in vitro activity against facultative anaerobes or obligate aerobes.
- Properties
  - CAS Number
    
    443-48-1
    
    Molecular Formula
    
    C6H9N3O3
    
    Molecular Weight
    
    171.15 g/mol
    
    Appearance
    
    White or yellowish crystalline powder
    
    Other Properties
    
    Source: Synthetic
    Heavy Metals: Not more than 20ppm
    Loss on Drying: <0.5%
    Melting Point: 159-163°C
    Identification: Passes test
    Purity Level: (Dried Basis): 99.0 - 101.0%
    
    Storage
    
    2-8°C
    
    * For research use only
- Applications
  - Application Description
    
    Spectrum: Metronidazole is mostly used against anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Clostridium difficile and Bacteroides fragilis. It can also be used for parasites like Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis.
    
    Microbiology Applications: The effect of Metronidazole, along with gentamicin and vancomycin, was evaluated in the gut microbiome of the T-bet−/−Rag2−/− ulcerative colitis (TRUC) mouse mode. This model is useful for studying gut microbiome contributions to colonic inflammatory pathogenesis under disease state and treatment-induced remission and reviewing the microbes and microbial pathways involved in IBD and host-microbiota responses, offering the potential for therapeutic manipulation of the gut microbiome in colitis (Rooks et al, 2014).
    Metronidazole is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobic microbial isolates. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options . Representative MIC values include:
    
    Clostridium difficile 0.25 µg/mL – 0.5 µg/mL
    Bacteroides fragilis 0.125 µg/mL -1 µg/mL
    
    Eukaryotic Cell Culture Applications: Metronidazole cytotoxicity was assessed in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) when it was mixed with a polydioxanone polymer solution (PDS) and processed into bioactive nanofibrous scaffolds. Research suggests that these scaffolds could be a biologically safe antimicrobial delivery system for regenerative endodontics (Bottino et al, 20130).

Datasheet

MSDS

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MSDS-EU

Susceptibility and Resistance Data

Metronidazole

Background

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