Fura 2-AM - Amerigo Scientific

- Overview
  - Fura 2 was developed to improve the fluorescent properties of Quin 2. The signal intensity in 1 mM of loaded Fura 2 corresponds to that of 30 mM of loaded Quin 2. This allows an experiment at a lower concentration of indicator using Fura 2 instead of Quin 2. Fura 2 is one of the most widely used calcium indicators for ratiometric measurement. Many types of instrumentation are now available for experiments using Fura 2, but Fura 2 is especially suitable for digital imaging microscopy. It is less susceptible to photobleaching than Indo 1. Changes in the cell shape can sometimes affect the fluorescent ratio at 340 nm and 380 nm. For example, fluorescent signal intensities at these wavelengths sometimes decrease simultaneously with smooth muscle contraction. For blood vessels, however, the increase of the signal intensity at 340 nm tends to be smaller on contraction, while the decrease of the signal intensity at 380 nm tends to be larger with its contraction. Fura 2-AM is an acetoxymethyl ester derivative of Fura 2 that can be easily loaded into cells by incubation.
    
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- Properties
  - Categories
    
    Intracellular Fluorescent Probes
    
    CAS Number
    
    108964-32-5
    
    Molecular Formula
    
    C44H47N3O24
    
    Molecular Weight
    
    1001.85
    
    Appearance
    
    Yellow to yellowish orange solid
    
    Purity
    
    ≥98.0 %(HPLC)
    
    Storage
    
    -20°C, protect from light and moisture
    
    Shipping
    
    ambient temperature
    
    * For research use only
- Applications
  - Application Description
    
    General Protocol (for NG 108-15/ Neuron Cell Line)*
    Reagents:
    ・1 mM Fura 2-AM/DMSO (1 mg Fura 2-AM in 1 ml DMSO)
    ・Hanks Ebalanced salt solution (HBSS)
    ・HEPES buffer saline (20 mM HEPES, 115 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 0.8 mM MgCl2, 13.8 mM glucose, pH 7.4)
    Protocol:
    1. Culture cells on a glass-bottom dish using DMEM containing 5% fetal calf serum.
    2. Change the medium to 1 mM dibutyl cAMP/DMEM, and culture the cells for 3-4 days to induce dendrites.
    3. Dilute 20 μl of 1 mM Fura 2-AM DMSO solution with 20 ml of HEPES buffer saline to prepare 1 μM Fura 2-AM working solution.
    *Keep the Fura 2-AM working solution warm at 37°C. Make sure to disperse Fura 2-AM in the solution by a ultrasonication or an addition of Chremophor® EL or Pluronic® F127 (final conc.: 0.02%).
    4. Remove the culture medium, and add 0.5 ml of the Fura 2-AM working solution to the cells.
    5. Incubate for 20 minutes. Then remove the Fura 2-AM working solution.
    6. Wash the cells once with HEPES buffer saline. Then incubate the cells for 1 hour in the HEPES buffer saline.
    7. Use the cells for fluorescent calcium ion detection.
    8. Monitor the excitation spectra at 380 nm (calcium free) and 340 nm (calcium complex) with fixed emission at 510 nm.
    *Cell staining conditions differ by cell types, so it is necessary to optimize the conditions for each experiment.
- Reference
  - 1) G. Grynkiewicz, et al., A New Generation of Ca2+ Indicators with Greatly Improved Fluorescence Properties. J Biol Chem. 1985;260:3440-3450.
    
    2) D. A. Williams, et al., Calcium Gradients in Single Smooth Muscle Cells Revealed by the Digital Imaging Microscope Using Fura-2. Nature. 1985;318:558-561.
    
    3) R. Y. Tsien, et al., Measurement of Cytosolic Free Ca2+ in Individual Small Cells Using Fluorescence Microscopy with Dual Excitation Wavelengths. Cell Calcium. 1985;6:145-157.
    
    4) D. A. Williams, et al., Intracellular Calibration of the Fluorescent Calcium Indicator Fura-2. Cell Calcium. 1990;11:75-83.
    
    5) W. Almers, et al., The Ca Signal from Fura-2 Loaded Mast Cells Depends Strongly on the Method of Dye-loading. FEBS Lett. 1985;192:13-18.
    
    6) G. H. Rao, et al., Measurement of Ionized Calcium in Blood Platelets with a New Generation Calcium Indicator. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985;132:652-657.
    
    7) H. Ozaki, et al., Simultaneous Recordings of Calcium Signals and Mechanical Activity Using Fluorescent Dye Fura 2 in Isolated Strips of Vascular Smooth Muscle. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1987;45:429-433.
    
    8) M, Mitsui, et al., Leakage of the Fluorescent Ca2+ Indicator Fura-2 in Smooth Muscle. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1993;61:165-170.

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