Disulfide HMGB1 , LPS free

- Overview
  - HMGB1 is a nuclear protein that is released passively by necrotic cells, retained by apoptotic cells, and secreted actively by inflammatory cells (Dumitriu et al. HMGB1: guiding immunity from within. Trends Immunol 2005, 26: 381-7). HMGB1 is essential for life: Hmgb1 knockout mice die shortly after birth.
    
    The two different activities of HMGB1 as a chemoattractanct of motile cells and as inducer of cytokines have been attributed to different biochemical forms. Fully reduced HMGB1 (the form with chemoattractanct activity) is completely reduced; disulfide HMGB1 contains a disulfide bond between C23 and C45 (complete notation: HMGB1C23-C45C106h – Antoine J. et al (2014).Mol Med).
    Disulfide HMGB1 can induce cytokine and chemokine production in monocytes and other inflammatory cells (Venereau et al, 2012).
    Structurally, Disulfide HMGB1 has a disulfide bridge between cysteine residues 23 and 45 and a reduced cysteine residue 106. Disulfide HMGB1 is tested for the ability to stimulate cytokine production in human macrophages.
    
    The Disulfide HMGB1 we provide is the natural protein, with no tags or additional amino acids.
    
    Disulfide HMGB1 is produced in E. coli and has the sequence:
    
    [table td1="MGKGDPKKPR GKMSSYAFFV QTCREEHKKK HPDASVNFSE FSKKCSERWK TMSAKEKGKF EDMAKADKAR YEREMKTYIP PKGETKKKFK DPNAPKRPPS AFFLFCSEYR PKIKGEHPGL SIGDVAKKLG EMWNNTAADD KQPYEKKAAK LKEKYEKDIA AYRAKGKPDA AKKGVVKAEK SKKKKEEEDD EEDEEDEEEE EEEEDEDEEE DDDDE"]
    
    Molecular Mass: Disulfide HMGB1 consists of 215 amino acid residues and has a calculated molecular mass of approximately 24.8 kDa.
    Structure: HMGB1 consists of two fairly rigid, L-shaped DNA-binding domains, each referred to as a 'HMG box', and an unstructured tail that ends with 30 consecutive negatively charged amino acids
    Species specificity: the sequence and structure of HMGB1 have been strictly conserved during evolution, and HMGB1 proteins from all mammals are virtually identical (Sessa L, Bianchi ME. The evolution of High Mobility Group Box (HMGB) chromatin proteins in multicellular animals. Gene 2007, 387:133-40).
    Purity: The purified protein is >95% homogeneous (electrophoresis). It contains no nucleic acids.
    Endotoxin Level: The purified protein is free from LPS (Pierce™ Chromogenic Endotoxin Quant Kit, <0.1 EU/mL). The product contains <0.006% v/v of Triton X-114 due to LPS removal procedure. The remaining traces of Triton X-114 can be removed upon request.
    Buffer & Reconstitution: the lyophilized protein once reconstituted with distilled water will be dissolved in a solution containing 50 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 500 mM NaCl.
    Storage: 2-8°C. The protein once resuspended can be stored frozen (-20°C).This product is intended for research only, and cannot be used on humans.
    
    Please contact us at for specific academic pricing.
- Properties
  - Type
    
    Recombinant Proteins
    
    * This product is intended for research only, and cannot be used on humans.
- Reference
  - An 8-Hydroxy-Quinoline Derivative Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lethality in Endotoxemia by Inhibiting HMGB1-Mediated Caspase-11 Signaling
    Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Canine Platelets Upregulate High Mobility Group Box-1 via Toll-Like Receptor 4
    A RAGE-antagonist peptide potentiates polymeric micelle-mediated intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA for acute lung injury gene therapy
    The Time-Course of Antioxidant Irisin Activity: Role of the Nrf2/HO-1/HMGB1 Axis
    Lipopolysaccharide-regulated secretion of soluble and vesicle-based proteins from a panel of colorectal cancer cell lines
    High-mobility group box protein-1 induces acute pancreatitis through activation of neutrophil extracellular trap and subsequent production of IL-1β
    Increased cell-free fetal DNA release after apoptosis and sterile inflammation in human trophoblast cells
    Photodynamic Therapy in Combination with the Hepatitis B Core Virus-like Particles (HBc VLPs) to Prime Anticancer Immunity for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
    The protective mechanism of salidroside modulating miR-199a-5p/TNFAIP8L2 on lipopolysaccharide-induced MLE-12 cells
    Inhibition of inflammatory liver injury by the HMGB1-A box through HMGB1/TLR-4/NF-κB signaling in an acute liver failure mouse model
    Association of High Mobility Group Box-Protein 1 and Platelet Microparticles in Patients After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
    HMGB1 Release Induced by EV71 Infection Exacerbates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via VE-cadherin Phosphorylation
    [Altered expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps]
    HMGB1 induces hepcidin upregulation in astrocytes and causes an acute iron surge and subsequent ferroptosis in the postischemic brain
    HMGB1-activated tumor-associated macrophages promote migration and invasion via NF-κB/IL-6 signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma
    The Expression of High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMG1) in the Peripheral Blood and Its Relation with Systemic Vasculitis Patients
    The translational potential of miR-26 in atherosclerosis and development of agents for its target genes ACC1/2, COL1A1, CPT1A, FBP1, DGAT2, and SMAD7
    The Anti-inflammatory Effects of HMGB1 Blockades in a Mouse Model of Cutaneous Vasculitis
    HMGB1 cleavage by complement C1s and its potent anti-inflammatory product
    HMGB1 Promotes the Release of Sonic Hedgehog From Astrocytes
    The Role of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Ischemic Stroke
    HMGB1 neuroimmune signaling and REST-G9a gene repression contribute to ethanol-induced reversible suppression of the cholinergic neuron phenotype
    Urothelial Oxidative Stress and ERK Activation Mediate HMGB1-Induced Bladder Pain
    Redox-sensitive high-mobility group box-1 isoforms contribute to liver fibrosis progression and resolution in mice
    Glycyrrhizin Protects Submandibular Gland Against Radiation Damage by Enhancing Antioxidant Defense and Preserving Mitochondrial Homeostasis
    Redox-Mediated Mechanisms Fuel Monocyte Responses to CXCL12/HMGB1 in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
    Targeting Inflammation Driven by HMGB1
    Immunological Significance of HMGB1 Post-Translational Modification and Redox Biology
    High mobility group A proteins as tumor markers
    High Mobility Group Proteins in Sepsis
    The Roles of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Cerebral Ischemic Injury
    MiR-2113 overexpression attenuates sepsis-induced acute pulmonary dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis by inhibition of HMGB1
    Transposon dynamics in the emerging oilseed crop Thlaspi arvense
    Comparative analyses of the Smith-Magenis syndrome protein RAI1 in mice and common marmoset monkeys
    Intestinal epithelia and myeloid immune cells shape colitis severity and colorectal carcinogenesis via High-mobility group box protein 1
    Toxoplasma gondii Infection Induces High Mobility Group Box 1 Released from Mouse Macrophages
    Impact of folic acid supplementation on ischemia‒reperfusion-induced kidney injury in rats: folic acid prophylactic role revisited
    Co-existence of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 and anti-sry-like high-mobility group box receptor antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis: A rare case report
    High Mobility Group Box 1 Gene Polymorphism and Serum High Mobility Group Box 1, Interleukin 1 Beta, and Alpha-Klotho Crosstalk in Severe COVID-19 Patients
    HO-1 attenuates testicular ischaemia/reperfusion injury by activating the phosphorylated C-jun-miR-221/222-TOX pathway
    MicroRNA-146a gene transfer ameliorates senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes in tendinopathic tenocytes
    Therapeutic effects of anti-diabetic drugs on traumatic brain injury
    ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HIGH MOBILITY GROUP BOX 1 PROTEIN GENE (rs41369348) POLYMORPHISM AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN A VASCULITIS IN CHILDREN
    Biological Effects of New Titanium Surface Coatings Based on Ionic Liquids and HMGB1: A Cellular and Molecular Characterization in Lewis Rats
    Disulfide-HMGB1 signals through TLR4 and TLR9 to induce inflammatory macrophages capable of innate-adaptive crosstalk in human liver transplantation
    Cisplatin Dependent Secretion of Immunomodulatory High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein from Lung Cancer Cells
    Venereau et al (2012)Mutually exclusive redox forms of HMGB1 promote cell recruitment or proinflammatory cytokine release JEM, 2012
    Yang et al (2012) Redox modification of cysteine residues regulates the cytokine activity of HMGB1. Mol Med 18:250-9