Azido-dPEG®₂₄-TFP ester

Azido-dPEG®24-TFP ester, product number 10571, is a crosslinking compound designed for copper(I)-catalyzed, ruthenium catalyzed, and strain promoted click chemistry. The azide group provides the click chemistry functionality. The 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl (TFP) ester provides reactivity to primary and secondary amines. The two ends of the molecule are separated by a long, single molecular weight, discrete polyethylene glycol (dPEG®) spacer. The spacer imparts water solubility to PN10571 and increases the hydrodynamic volume of the molecule. The single molecular weight and discrete chain length of the spacer simplifies analysis of the product and of its conjugates.

TFP esters are a superior alternative to the widely popular N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) esters. TFP esters are more hydrolytically stable than NHS esters, especially at high pH values (≥ 8) where NHS esters in aqueous solution have half-lives measured in minutes. TFP esters also react more efficiently with primary and secondary amines than NHS esters.

From its publication in 2001, click chemistry has grown consistently in popularity and importance for the development of new chemical structures. The first-reported click chemistry reactions were catalyzed by copper(I) and are known as Cu(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Classical CuAAC chemistry forms a 1,4-disubstituted triazole ring. Ruthenium catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) operates similarly to CuAAC, but gives rise to 1,5-disubstituted triazole rings. Later, copper free click chemistry (formally known as strain promoted azide alkyne cycloaddition, or SPAAC) was developed by Carolyn Bertozzi and colleagues to facilitate click chemistry reactions in living cells without the use of toxic copper salts.

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Application References:

Hermanson, G. T. Chapter 3, The Reactions of Bioconjugation. Bioconjugate Techniques, 3rd edition. Academic Press: New York, 2013, pp 229-258, especially pages 233-234 (NHS esters) and pages 238-239 (fluorophenyl esters).
Hermanson, G. T. Chapter 17, Chemoselective Ligation; Bioorthogonal Reagents. Bioconjugate Techniques, 3rd edition. Academic Press: New York, 2013, pp 757-786, particularly pages 769-775 where click chemistry is discussed.
Hermanson, G. T. Chapter 18, PEGylation and Synthetic Polymer Modification. Bioconjugate Techniques, 3rd edition. Academic Press: New York, 2013, pp 787-838.
Kolb, H. C.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Click Chemistry: Diverse Chemical Function from a Few Good Reactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2001, 40, 2004-2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20010601)40:11%3C2004::AID-ANIE2004%3E3.0.CO;2-5
Kolb, H. C.; Sharpless, K. B. The growing impact of click chemistry on drug discovery. Drug Disc. Today, 2003, 8(24), 1128-1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02933-7.
Baskin, J. M.; Bertozzi, C. R. Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry: Covalent Labeling in Living Systems. QSAR & Combinatorial Science 2007, 26(11–12), 1211–1219. https://doi.org/10.1002/qsar.200740086.
Patterson, D. M.; Nazarova, L. A.; Prescher, J. A. Finding the Right (Bioorthogonal) Chemistry. ACS Chem. Biol. 2014, 9(3), 592–605. https://doi.org/10.1021/cb400828a.
Dommerholt, J.; Rutjes, F. P. J. T.; van Delft, F. L. Strain-Promoted 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Cycloalkynes and Organic Azides. Top. Curr. Chem. (Z) 2016, 374(2), 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-016-0016-4.
Johansson, J. R.; Beke-Somfai, T.; Said Stålsmeden, A.; Kann, N. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction: Scope, Mechanism, and Applications. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116(23), 14726–14768. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00466.

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