Through social pressure, climate change, total enfranchisement of birth control, and the number of abortions performed, infertility is up every year. The fertility rate is anywhere around 15%-20% worldwide. The colony-stimulating factor is a very specific cytokine released by bone marrow cells, stromal cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages most of the time. We found G-CSF production and receptors here in reproductive tissues including human ovaries and endometrium. In luteal granulosa cells, placental trophoblast cells, and oocytes, G-CSF also has receptors. G-CSF does a variety of things, but its primary activity is to drive bone marrow neutrophil growth and differentiation. More recent research reported that G-CSF exerts a number of physiological effects on successful pregnancy including, and helping to influence, oocyte development, preimplantation embryo growth, trophoblast invasion, embryo implantation and ovarian function, embryo cleavage and blastocyst development, endometrial thickening, and enhancement of the pathophysiology of endometriosis, which will fundamentally decrease pregnancy loss and increase the rate of pregnancy with ART.
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Pharmacological Action of Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by most of the cells in the human body – bone marrow cells, stromal cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, monocytes and macrophages – so extremely rare. G-CSF is a multiple-functioning molecule involved in these organs' reproduction: (oocyte, embryogenesis, implantation, pregnancy). Because it tamely mutates immunity in the womb, its role in a preconception environment is clear. Here are the most common G-CSF reproductive uses:
| Follicular Development Promotion |
| G-CSF also can induce granulosa cells in the ovaries to become fertilised and develop follicles. Which is perhaps a good thing for eggs quality and quantity. |
| Enhancing Embryo Implantation |
| We even know that G-CSF activity on the endometrium is manipulated to sneak in an embryo. G-CSF can also improve embryo implantation by changing the microenvironment of the endometrium and blood flow. |
| Improve Infertility Treatment Results |
| A small number of patients with unexplained infertility could also be treated with G-CSF along with IVF (in vitro fertilisation) and ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection). |
| Reduce The Risk of Miscarriage |
| It can also be immunomodulatory during the first trimester, keep you pregnant and even prevent a miscarriage. |
| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) |
| When G-CSF hits PCOS women, the ovaries stimulate and fertilise. |
Therapeutic Effects of Exogenous G-CSF
G-CSF might be pregnant in patients treated with in vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer (IVF-ET)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer (CSI-ET). Neither was there any statistical difference in the endometrial thickness on transfer day of different groups taking different amounts of G-CSF, or in the rate of implantation or clinical pregnancy. A few granulocytopenia diseases or conditions are treated with G-CSF. The bone marrow may produce more granulocytes by exogenously administering G-CSF to chemo patients who have lower white blood cell counts and an increased risk of infection. Exogenous G-CSF can stimulate granulocyte production prior or post-transplant to maximize transplantation outcome.
Effects of Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor on Human Pregnancy
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is typically used to activate granulocytes in the bone marrow. Embryonic ovulation and pregnancy ramp up serum G-CSF to unprecedented levels; GCSF levels plummet when the baby is miscarried or infertile. They have tested G-CSF with regard to egg recombination rate, fertilization rate, good embryo rate, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and early miscarriage rate.
G-CSF can control the immune system to control the mother's immune system and become pregnant. She has to calibrate the immune system to sacrifice to the baby (half the external genome) while she is in the womb. G-CSF even saves pregnancy, inducing some immune cells and cytokines to be made. G-CSF also drives angiogenesis, blood to the mother's organs, and blood to the placenta to deliver nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
Conclusion
A growth factor often involved in fertility and pregnancy is the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). G-CSF also increases oocyte maturation, endometrial openness, preimplantation embryonic development and trophoblast invasion. G-CSF's pregnancy function is trickier, and the research is just beginning. One day, it might even provide new possibilities and treatments for pregnancy complications.
Reference
- Yang M., et al. Application of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reproductive field. Medical Diagnosis. 2024, 14: 33.
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