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Overview
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Background
(S)-(-)-Propranolol hydrochloride is a more active enantiomer of propranolol, acting as a β-adrenoceptor antagonist with log Kd values being -8.16, -9.08 and -6.93 for human β1-, β2- and β3-adrenoceptors stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, respectively. β-Adrenoceptor antagonists are one of the most commonly used classes of drugs in cardiovascular medicine (hypertension, ischemic heart disease and heart failure) as well as in the management of anxiety, migraine and glaucoma. In addition, (S)-(-)-propranolol hydrochloride is also a non-specific serotonin receptor antagonist, capable of inhibiting the behavioral responses to increased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).
1. Baker JG. The selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists at the human beta1, beta2 and beta3 adrenoceptors. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2005, 144(3): 317-322.
2. Costain DW, Green AR. beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists inhibit the behavioural responses of rats to increased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine. British Journal of Pharmacology, 1978, 64(2): 193-200.
3. Barrett AM, Cullum VA. The biological properties of the optical isomers of propranolol and their effects on cardiac arrhythmias. British Journal of Pharmacology, 1968, 34(1): 43-55.
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- Properties
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Overview