In the realm of cell biology, a well-worn path has been the utilization of traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems. These systems have been helpful in analyzing the subtleties of cellular behaviors and activities. However, propelled by the engine of technological advancement and an ever-deepening comprehension of cellular responses, a new protagonist has graced the stage: three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems, offering a more physiologically relevant environment for studying cell behaviors and interactions.
Two-dimensional cell cultures fall short when it comes to replicating the architecture and microenvironment found in living organisms. This is where 3D cell culture systems come into play aiming to create a more natural environment in which to thrive. These systems can mimic the extracellular matrix, cell-cell interactions, and nutrient gradients found in vivo, leading to precise representations of cellular behaviors and functions.
Fig 1. Microfluidic cell culture system (Organ-on-a-chip, taking lung as an example). (Huang X, et al. 2022)
Cell Behaviors in 3D Culture Environment
Cells grown in 3D structures often exhibit altered proliferation rates, gene expressions, and cellular morphology. For instance, cancer cells cultured in 3D systems tend to better replicate the behavior of tumors in the body, showcasing increased resistance to therapies compared to their 2D counterparts. When cultivated in 3D settings, stem cells also display distinctive behaviors, frequently exhibiting greater differentiation potential and tissue-like structure.
Mechanical Stimulation on Cell Behavior
Diving into the realm of 3D cell culture systems, an engrossing facet unveils - an amalgamation where the infusion of mechanical stimulation intricately mimics the very physical forces that cells embrace within their native abodes. Cell behavior, including proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression can be affected by mechanical cues, such as fluid shear stress and substrate stiffness. Mechanical stimulation in 3D culture can reveal the complex relationship between physical force and cell response.
Current 3D Cell Culture Methods
Several methods of 3D cell culture have gained prominence in the technological community, each offering its have benefits and applications. Scaffolding-based methods involve embedding cells in porous materials such as hydrogels or natural components of the living thing matrix. These scaffolds provide morphologic subscribe and allow cells to interact with their environment more of course. In addition, scaffold-free approaches involve the assembly of cells into spheroids or organs, facilitating self-assembly and recapitulation of tissue characteristics. In addition, microfluidic devices undefined the creation of dynamic 3D environments in which cells undergo controlled fluid flow and nutrient gradients, simulating conditions found in blood vessels and tissue.
3D cell culture systems are likely to play a key role in the advancement of areas including regenerative medicine, cancer research, and drug development as researchers continue to improve and invent 3D culture methodologies. Scientists are getting a little bit closer to understanding the secrets of cellular activity by embracing the intricacy of the 3D microenvironment in ways that were previously unachievable within the limits of conventional 2D culture techniques.
Reference
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Huang X, Huang Z, Gao W, Gao W, He R, Li Y, Crawford R, Zhou Y, Xiao L, Xiao Y. Current Advances in 3D Dynamic Cell Culture Systems. Gels. 2022; 8(12):829.
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