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Overview
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GM1-biotin ganglioside (sodium salt) has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with sialic acid linked α2,3 to the inner galactose residue, ceramide linked β to position 1 on the reducing terminal glucose residue, and biotin to position 5 on sialic acid (Ledeen, 2009). GM1 ganglioside is abundant in all mammalian brains where it covers 10%-20% of the total ganglioside mixture. It is found in epithelial membranes and is a key element for bacterial toxicity and viral infection as it is the intestinal receptor for the cholera toxin, the B-subunits of heat-labile toxin, rotavirus, and simian virus 40. GM1 ganglioside functions as a neurotrophic and neuroprotective compound, and has been used therapeutically for diabetic and peripheral neuropathies. GM1 ganglioside also has the ability to bind amyloid-β proteins and is involved in Alzheimer’s pathogenesis (Chiricozzi, 2020).
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- Properties
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Overview