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Overview
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Activin A is a member of the transforming growth factor beta family produced by many cell types throughout development. It is a disulfide-linked homodimer (two beta-A chains) that binds to heteromeric complexes of type I (Act RI-A and Act RI-B) and a type II (Act RII-A and Act RII-B) serine-threonine kinase receptor. Activins primarily signal through SMAD2/3 proteins to regulate various functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, wound healing, apoptosis, and metabolism. Activin A maintains the undifferentiated state of human embryonic stem cells but also facilitates differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into definitive endoderm.
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Overview